免费一级男女裸片_性欧美暴力猛交69式_三级日本高清完整版热播_www.日韩三级_夜夜嗨一区二区三区_国产成人麻豆亚洲综合精品_欧美亚洲国产精品久久高清浪潮_国产天堂视频_日日夜夜拍拍_麻豆精品国产熟妇aⅴ一区_国产乱子精品_全程偷拍露脸中年夫妇_午夜激情澎湃_亚洲性无码av在线欣赏网_亚洲欧洲精品成人久久曰_免费看黄色片网站_国产毛片欧美毛片久久久_色欲香天天天综合网站小说_日韩av一二三四区_成人看黄色s一级大片

錄目草:保護(hù)挖掘梵文貝葉經(jīng),弘揚(yáng)中華傳統(tǒng)文化

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2025-09-04 11:10:29 | 來(lái)源:中國(guó)藏學(xué)研究中心 | 作者: | 責(zé)任編輯:

習(xí)近平總書(shū)記在黨的二十大報(bào)告中深刻指出:“推進(jìn)文化自信自強(qiáng),鑄就社會(huì)主義文化新輝煌。”這一重要論述為我們開(kāi)展文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)工作指明了前進(jìn)方向。西藏梵文貝葉經(jīng)作為中華文化寶庫(kù)中的璀璨明珠,不僅承載著佛教文化的精髓,更是中華民族交往交流交融的歷史見(jiàn)證。中央統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)工作會(huì)議明確提出要“以鑄牢中華民族共同體意識(shí)為主線,推動(dòng)新時(shí)代黨的民族工作高質(zhì)量發(fā)展”。保護(hù)和挖掘梵文貝葉經(jīng)這一珍貴文化遺產(chǎn),正是貫徹落實(shí)黨中央決策部署的具體實(shí)踐,對(duì)于增強(qiáng)文化認(rèn)同、促進(jìn)民族團(tuán)結(jié)、展現(xiàn)中華文化包容性具有重大而深遠(yuǎn)的意義。

一、西藏梵文貝葉經(jīng):民族團(tuán)結(jié)的歷史見(jiàn)證

西藏地區(qū)保存的梵文貝葉經(jīng)具有極高的歷史價(jià)值和學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值。這些經(jīng)卷年代跨度大、數(shù)量眾多、內(nèi)容豐富,主要形成于7—13世紀(jì)這一關(guān)鍵歷史時(shí)期。這一時(shí)期正值吐蕃王朝與中原王朝交往最為密切的階段,也是佛教文化在中國(guó)傳播發(fā)展的重要時(shí)期。從現(xiàn)存實(shí)物來(lái)看,這些梵文貝葉經(jīng)成為漢藏佛教經(jīng)典對(duì)勘依據(jù)的珍貴寫(xiě)本。以大昭寺珍藏的《般若波羅蜜多經(jīng)》梵文寫(xiě)本為例,其與敦煌出土的漢譯本在內(nèi)容和形式上相互印證,充分展現(xiàn)了古代譯經(jīng)僧人的卓越智慧和精湛技藝。深入研究表明,西藏梵文貝葉經(jīng)中保存著豐富的中原文化元素。從物質(zhì)載體來(lái)看,部分經(jīng)卷采用唐代流行的“經(jīng)折裝”裝幀形式;從傳播路徑來(lái)看,不少西藏梵文寫(xiě)本流傳到中原地區(qū);從思想內(nèi)容來(lái)看,許多經(jīng)典反映了漢藏佛教思想的深度交融。這些確鑿的實(shí)物證據(jù)無(wú)可辯駁地證明,西藏文化自古以來(lái)就是中華文化不可分割的組成部分,各民族共同創(chuàng)造了燦爛輝煌的中華文明。特別值得關(guān)注的是,西藏梵文貝葉經(jīng)的題跋中詳細(xì)記載了古代高僧大德跨地域、跨民族的弘法事跡。這些珍貴史料不僅是開(kāi)展民族團(tuán)結(jié)教育的生動(dòng)教材,更為我們研究古代民族交往史提供了第一手資料。通過(guò)系統(tǒng)整理這些史料,不僅可以有力駁斥“文化隔離論”等錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn),更能切實(shí)增強(qiáng)各族群眾對(duì)偉大祖國(guó)、中華民族、中華文化、中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨、中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的認(rèn)同。

二、系統(tǒng)保護(hù):構(gòu)筑中華民族共有精神家園

梵文貝葉經(jīng)作為絲綢之路上文明交流互鑒的珍貴遺產(chǎn),具有多重文化價(jià)值。它既是佛教文化的重要載體,更是中華文化多元一體格局的歷史見(jiàn)證。系統(tǒng)性地保護(hù)、挖掘和研究梵文貝葉經(jīng),不僅有助于增強(qiáng)文化自信,更能促進(jìn)世界文明交流互鑒,為鑄牢中華民族共同體意識(shí)提供深厚滋養(yǎng)。我國(guó)對(duì)梵文貝葉經(jīng)的保護(hù)工作始于上世紀(jì)80年代。中國(guó)藏學(xué)研究中心成立之初就設(shè)立了“西藏現(xiàn)存梵文貝葉經(jīng)的整理與研究”課題,該課題被列入國(guó)家“七五”重點(diǎn)社科基金項(xiàng)目,標(biāo)志著西藏梵文貝葉經(jīng)正式納入國(guó)家研究視野。1986年,藏研中心派遣羅炤研究員帶隊(duì)赴拉薩,對(duì)羅布林卡和布達(dá)拉宮所藏的梵文貝葉經(jīng)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)拍攝。經(jīng)過(guò)三個(gè)多月的艱苦工作,共拍攝9盤(pán)縮微膠卷,收集183函復(fù)制品,涉及700多部經(jīng)典,圓滿(mǎn)完成首批資料收集工作。

2006年,西藏自治區(qū)社會(huì)科學(xué)院梵文貝葉經(jīng)研究所正式成立,這是我國(guó)首個(gè)也是唯一一個(gè)專(zhuān)業(yè)貝葉經(jīng)研究機(jī)構(gòu)。研究所成立以來(lái),始終堅(jiān)持以習(xí)近平新時(shí)代中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義思想為指導(dǎo),深入貫徹習(xí)近平總書(shū)記關(guān)于文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)的重要論述,在貝葉經(jīng)保護(hù)與研究領(lǐng)域取得了一系列開(kāi)創(chuàng)性成果。特別是在西藏自治區(qū)實(shí)施的“貝葉經(jīng)保護(hù)工程”中,建成了世界首個(gè)高原古籍修復(fù)中心,成功攻克了高原環(huán)境下貝葉經(jīng)修復(fù)的技術(shù)難題。截至目前,已完成首批1000函貝葉經(jīng)的數(shù)字化建檔工作,實(shí)現(xiàn)了這一珍貴文化遺產(chǎn)的永久性保存。同時(shí),通過(guò)系統(tǒng)培養(yǎng),形成了一支以藏族學(xué)者為主體的專(zhuān)業(yè)古籍保護(hù)隊(duì)伍,為貝葉經(jīng)保護(hù)工作提供了人才保障。

三、深入挖掘:彰顯文化遺產(chǎn)的當(dāng)代價(jià)值

中國(guó)藏學(xué)研究中心自1990年起就開(kāi)始了對(duì)西藏梵文經(jīng)典寫(xiě)本的編目、整理和研究工作。經(jīng)過(guò)多年努力,完成了《中國(guó)藏學(xué)研究中心收藏的西藏梵文貝葉經(jīng)目錄》的編纂工作。1998年,中心又設(shè)立《梵文法華經(jīng)寫(xiě)本及藏漢譯文資料研究》重點(diǎn)課題,對(duì)珍藏的3個(gè)不同版本的《法華經(jīng)》梵文手寫(xiě)本進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究。這項(xiàng)研究成果于2005年由中國(guó)藏學(xué)出版社正式出版,在學(xué)術(shù)界引起廣泛關(guān)注。為加強(qiáng)國(guó)際合作,2004年,中國(guó)藏學(xué)研究中心與奧地利科學(xué)院亞洲文化和思想史研究所簽署合作協(xié)議,共同開(kāi)展對(duì)西藏梵文經(jīng)典手寫(xiě)本的校勘研究工作。這項(xiàng)合作的重要成果是由拉巴平措研究員和恩斯特·斯坦因凱勒教授共同主編的“西藏自治區(qū)梵文文本系列叢書(shū)”。進(jìn)入新時(shí)代以來(lái),這項(xiàng)工作得到持續(xù)高水平推進(jìn),截至目前,該叢書(shū)已出版26卷,內(nèi)容包括佛教哲學(xué)的中觀和唯識(shí)理論、佛教邏輯學(xué)因明學(xué)說(shuō),以及大量密教珍貴文本。這些不同時(shí)期的西藏貝葉經(jīng)寫(xiě)本,鮮明地展現(xiàn)了多元文化交融的特征。中國(guó)藏學(xué)研究中心的梵文貝葉經(jīng)研究項(xiàng)目具有多重意義:既是國(guó)家支持西藏文化保護(hù)的生動(dòng)體現(xiàn),也是全球化時(shí)代人文交流的成功范例;不僅具有學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值,更是對(duì)人類(lèi)文化遺產(chǎn)的永恒守護(hù)。展望未來(lái),我們需要以更加開(kāi)放的姿態(tài)吸納國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)力量,將這一“冷門(mén)絕學(xué)”轉(zhuǎn)化為促進(jìn)人類(lèi)文明對(duì)話(huà)的重要橋梁。

四、創(chuàng)新傳承:讓古老文明煥發(fā)時(shí)代光彩

在新的歷史條件下,我們需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新思路和方法,推動(dòng)梵文貝葉經(jīng)保護(hù)研究工作向縱深發(fā)展。首先要加強(qiáng)科技賦能,運(yùn)用多光譜掃描、三維建模等先進(jìn)技術(shù),提升文物保護(hù)的科技含量。其次要深化國(guó)際交流,建立跨國(guó)研究聯(lián)盟,共同破解學(xué)術(shù)難題。再次要注重成果轉(zhuǎn)化,通過(guò)數(shù)字化展示、文創(chuàng)開(kāi)發(fā)等方式,讓文物活起來(lái)。特別要重視人才培養(yǎng)工作。在高等院校設(shè)立相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè),培養(yǎng)既懂傳統(tǒng)文獻(xiàn)學(xué)又掌握現(xiàn)代技術(shù)的復(fù)合型人才。同時(shí)要加強(qiáng)對(duì)年輕學(xué)者的培養(yǎng),通過(guò)“傳幫帶”等方式確保研究工作的延續(xù)性。此外,還要鼓勵(lì)跨學(xué)科研究,吸引語(yǔ)言學(xué)、歷史學(xué)、宗教學(xué)等不同領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者參與其中。在學(xué)術(shù)研究方面,設(shè)立國(guó)家重大課題,對(duì)貝葉經(jīng)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)性整理和研究。重點(diǎn)開(kāi)展以下幾個(gè)方面的研究:一是文本校勘和翻譯,建立完整的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù);二是歷史背景研究,深入挖掘其中蘊(yùn)含的民族交往史料;三是思想價(jià)值研究,闡釋其當(dāng)代意義;四是保護(hù)技術(shù)研究,開(kāi)發(fā)適合高原環(huán)境的文物保護(hù)新技術(shù)。

結(jié)語(yǔ):守護(hù)文明根脈,共創(chuàng)美好未來(lái)

梵文貝葉經(jīng)的保護(hù)、挖掘與研究,是一項(xiàng)功在當(dāng)代、利在千秋的文化工程。我們要以習(xí)近平總書(shū)記“讓古籍里的文字活起來(lái)”的重要指示為根本遵循,堅(jiān)持保護(hù)優(yōu)先、合理利用的原則,運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代科技手段,深入挖掘其時(shí)代價(jià)值。通過(guò)系統(tǒng)性保護(hù)、創(chuàng)新性研究、創(chuàng)造性轉(zhuǎn)化,使這一珍貴文化遺產(chǎn)成為增強(qiáng)文化自信、促進(jìn)民族團(tuán)結(jié)、推動(dòng)文明互鑒的重要載體。

站在新的歷史起點(diǎn)上,我們要以更高的政治站位、更強(qiáng)的責(zé)任擔(dān)當(dāng)、更實(shí)的工作舉措,切實(shí)做好梵文貝葉經(jīng)保護(hù)研究工作。讓這些跨越千年的文明密碼,在新時(shí)代煥發(fā)新的光彩,為構(gòu)筑中華民族共有精神家園、推動(dòng)構(gòu)建人類(lèi)命運(yùn)共同體作出新的更大貢獻(xiàn)。通過(guò)我們的共同努力,一定能夠讓這一文化瑰寶更好地傳承下去,成為連接過(guò)去與未來(lái)、中國(guó)與世界的重要文化紐帶。

(作者錄目草系中國(guó)藏學(xué)研究中心藏醫(yī)藥研究所副研究員)

版權(quán)所有 中國(guó)藏學(xué)研究中心。 保留所有權(quán)利。 京ICP備06045333號(hào)-1

京公網(wǎng)安備 11010502035580號(hào) 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)宗教信息服務(wù)許可證編號(hào):京(2022)0000027

主站蜘蛛池模板: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |