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佛學(xué)泰斗、愛(ài)國(guó)老人喜饒嘉措:抗日救國(guó),輔教宣濟(jì)

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2025-09-04 08:59:06 | 來(lái)源:中國(guó)西藏網(wǎng) | 作者: | 責(zé)任編輯:

站在巍峨的布達(dá)拉宮頂上,鳥(niǎo)瞰布達(dá)拉宮廣場(chǎng)中央為迎接西藏自治區(qū)成立60周年搭建慶祝會(huì)場(chǎng)布置工作爭(zhēng)分奪秒,如火如荼工作的場(chǎng)景,心里感慨萬(wàn)千,中華民族自鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以來(lái)飽經(jīng)滄桑磨難,遭受深重困難,最終迎來(lái)了社會(huì)主義光明大道,西藏在建設(shè)社會(huì)主義新西藏的康莊大道上迎來(lái)了西藏自治區(qū)成立60周年的具有歷史意義的時(shí)刻。鑒往事,知來(lái)者,中華民族為創(chuàng)造人類美好未來(lái)不懈奮斗,回望過(guò)去,80年前,中國(guó)人民同世界人民一道,以頑強(qiáng)的意志和英勇的斗爭(zhēng),打敗了日本軍國(guó)主義侵略者,取得了中國(guó)人民抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的偉大勝利。 

在艱苦卓絕的偉大抗戰(zhàn)中涌現(xiàn)出了千千萬(wàn)萬(wàn)抗日將士和各界抗日英雄,藏傳佛教界出現(xiàn)了九世班禪為首的代表性人物,他們?yōu)榭谷諔?zhàn)爭(zhēng)的勝利作出了積極貢獻(xiàn)。其中,愛(ài)國(guó)老人喜饒嘉措為踐行以愛(ài)國(guó)主義為核心的民族精神的偉大勝利,以他淵博的學(xué)識(shí)和愛(ài)國(guó)的高風(fēng)亮節(jié),為抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的勝利作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。 

圖為喜饒嘉措撰寫的兩部抗日救國(guó)宣傳文章《告蒙藏人士書》和《為宣傳抗戰(zhàn)致蒙藏同胞書》翻拍:扎西才旦 

圖為《告蒙藏人士書》和《為宣傳抗戰(zhàn)致蒙藏同胞書》的首頁(yè)翻拍:扎西才旦 

喜饒嘉措大師于1937年3月到達(dá)南京后,積極參與社會(huì)活動(dòng)和民間文化交流往來(lái),曾擔(dān)任國(guó)立五所大學(xué)西藏文化講座講師,傳授西藏歷史和佛教文化課,為構(gòu)建文化交流、提升民族感情起到了積極作用。“在南京逗留期間,大師每周都去南京中央大學(xué)講授西藏文化課,并在上海佛教寺院里向僧眾宣講《圣道三要》達(dá)20余天。此外,大師還應(yīng)邀參觀了一些平日不為人們開(kāi)放的軍事、生產(chǎn)、氣象等設(shè)施,大師想為政教事業(yè)做一些有益之事”。震驚中外的七七事變之際,他從老家青海返程加入了全民抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中。“大師準(zhǔn)備辭鄉(xiāng)返回南京時(shí),正值抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)激烈之際,大師寄藏于南京甘寧青回館的經(jīng)籍,佛像以及其他用品均被日機(jī)投彈炸毀。”但是他不畏時(shí)局艱難,在國(guó)家和人民最危難的時(shí)刻,毅然加入反對(duì)日本帝國(guó)主義斗爭(zhēng)中。南京淪陷后,他應(yīng)邀前往武漢、重慶兩地。隨著抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的深入,日寇的侵略行徑越來(lái)越囂張和殘暴,內(nèi)地許多地區(qū)被日寇占領(lǐng),而且侵略魔爪又有進(jìn)一步伸張的跡象,“大師當(dāng)時(shí)在重慶,鑒于困難日增,邊疆情況日漸復(fù)雜,乃主動(dòng)要求赴甘肅、青海視察,宣傳抗戰(zhàn)”,蒙藏委員會(huì)教育部撥出經(jīng)費(fèi),組織抗戰(zhàn)宣傳團(tuán),派他到甘、青兩省的蒙藏地區(qū)進(jìn)行抗日宣傳工作。大師此行,是抗戰(zhàn)開(kāi)始后,由中央直接派遣人員在甘青的蒙藏地區(qū)進(jìn)行比較深入的一次視察宣傳。由于喜饒嘉措的學(xué)術(shù)地位及聲望,他所到之處,聽(tīng)講抗日宣傳的群眾極為踴躍,群情高漲。歷時(shí)5個(gè)月,所經(jīng)地區(qū)為甘肅的甘南及華熱(今天祝一帶),青海的海東、海北、青海湖、海南,黃南一帶地區(qū);所到的寺院有塔爾寺和拉卜楞寺,以及夏瓊寺、隆務(wù)寺、廣惠寺、曲藏寺、佑寧寺、甘禪寺、天堂寺、東科寺、卻典格寺、拉摩德慶寺、古哇寺、文都寺、古雷寺,合作寺等等大小20余處;接觸的蒙藏頭目,計(jì)有青海蒙古左右翼盟29族扎薩克20余人,以及除果洛、玉樹(shù)外的各部落大小頭目、各寺活佛及僧俗廣大群眾。 

喜饒嘉措的抗日宣傳方式因地制宜,一是事前準(zhǔn)備了大批藏文宣傳品,既有1938年由大師創(chuàng)作的教育部印行的《喜饒嘉措告蒙藏人士書》及《白法螺的聲音》,還有專門編印的《為宣傳抗戰(zhàn)告蒙藏同胞書》、漢藏合璧《護(hù)國(guó)息災(zāi)法會(huì)緣起》,以及邊區(qū)語(yǔ)文編譯會(huì)印行的各種宣傳小冊(cè),還有從軍委會(huì)政治部領(lǐng)來(lái)的各種抗戰(zhàn)宣傳品等,分別在大小會(huì)及寺院散發(fā)宣講。他們還在每日宿營(yíng)后,播放并編譯當(dāng)天抗戰(zhàn)要聞,油印散發(fā)張貼以及播放抗戰(zhàn)歌等。二是口頭宣傳,使用少數(shù)民族傳統(tǒng)方式。首先為講經(jīng)式,主要在各個(gè)寺院中進(jìn)行,由喜饒嘉措主持,每至一寺,在經(jīng)堂或辯經(jīng)院聚集活佛、僧人,首先高亢吟誦護(hù)國(guó)經(jīng),發(fā)護(hù)國(guó)息災(zāi)法會(huì)十大弘愿,然后入抗戰(zhàn)救國(guó)主題,最后則仍以宗教方式進(jìn)行回響祝愿。喜饒嘉措利用此種群眾熟悉的方式,使用佛教經(jīng)典,引證抗戰(zhàn)救國(guó)乃是執(zhí)行佛教的息、增、懷、伏四業(yè)。在塔爾寺和拉卜楞寺宣傳時(shí),參加的活佛和僧眾各達(dá)2000余人,其他各寺分別達(dá)數(shù)百人至千余人。這種在特定的場(chǎng)合,使用特定的方式宣講,符合當(dāng)時(shí)當(dāng)?shù)氐膶?shí)際情況,所以效果顯著。尤其是喜饒嘉措在各寺院與寺院的主持等商定,建立了在寺院的宗教活動(dòng)中,領(lǐng)誦護(hù)國(guó)七部經(jīng)典,及發(fā)十大弘愿與回響經(jīng)的制度要求,從而使宣講更加深入人心。其次,對(duì)于各旗、各部落頭人等以及群眾,用蒙藏民族喜聞樂(lè)見(jiàn)的方式,在地處偏遠(yuǎn)的寺院及居住分散部落,則分別派人前往宣講,受到群眾的歡迎,取得了很好的實(shí)際效果。通過(guò)喜饒嘉措大師這次在青海、甘肅兩省的蒙藏地區(qū)的抗日宣講活動(dòng),使邊疆的民眾對(duì)抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)有了新的認(rèn)識(shí),認(rèn)清了抗日救國(guó)的重要性,真正領(lǐng)會(huì)了“國(guó)家興亡,匹夫有責(zé)”這一精辟名句的含義。喜饒嘉措大師此次宣講地域面廣,覆蓋面大;宣講內(nèi)容重點(diǎn)突出,富有特色。由于喜饒嘉措在藏族群眾中無(wú)可替代的學(xué)術(shù)地位及聲望,在各宣講點(diǎn),聽(tīng)眾都認(rèn)真聆聽(tīng)而且各地頭目和高僧活佛把他的宣講內(nèi)容付諸實(shí)施,達(dá)到了宣講目的。他凝聚共識(shí),追求進(jìn)步,切合時(shí)代發(fā)展需要,積極團(tuán)結(jié)和引領(lǐng)蒙藏佛教界群眾糾正錯(cuò)誤思想,弘揚(yáng)正法,興利除弊,將踐行佛教教理教義與服務(wù)社會(huì)相結(jié)合,對(duì)抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)偉大勝利起到了積極作用。 

圖為《告蒙藏人士書》和《為宣傳抗戰(zhàn)致蒙藏同胞書》的藏文原稿首頁(yè)翻拍:扎西才旦 

喜饒嘉措的這次抗日宣講是中國(guó)抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)史上佛教界的一次重要活動(dòng),他為抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的最終勝利貢獻(xiàn)了智慧和力量。為此,國(guó)民政府當(dāng)時(shí)特授予其“輔教宣濟(jì)禪師”的名號(hào)。新中國(guó)成立初期,喜饒嘉措仍然在宣傳黨的民族宗教政策、消除歷史上遺留下來(lái)的民族隔閡、促進(jìn)民族團(tuán)結(jié)、穩(wěn)定社會(huì)秩序、和平解放西藏、維護(hù)祖國(guó)統(tǒng)一等方面,發(fā)揮了十分重要的作用。喜饒嘉措的愛(ài)國(guó)利民行動(dòng),擁護(hù)中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、熱愛(ài)祖國(guó)、熱愛(ài)人民的良好風(fēng)范,踐行了佛教“莊嚴(yán)國(guó)土、利樂(lè)有情”的宗旨,代表著這一歷史時(shí)期藏傳佛教的發(fā)展主流。對(duì)于喜饒嘉措在促進(jìn)民族團(tuán)結(jié)、維護(hù)祖國(guó)統(tǒng)一等方面卓有成效的努力和貢獻(xiàn),黨和人民政府給予了高度評(píng)價(jià),被毛澤東、周恩來(lái)、習(xí)仲勛等老一輩無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命家親切地稱贊為“愛(ài)國(guó)老人”。穿越時(shí)空,這種愛(ài)國(guó)情懷將繼續(xù)激勵(lì)后人、推動(dòng)鑄牢中華民族共同體意識(shí)。

(來(lái)源:中國(guó)西藏網(wǎng),文:扎西才旦) 

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